Diabetic effects on the structures of the eye | Optometristiem.lv
Diabetes mellitus (Greek for "diabetes" - flow through the Latin "mel" - honey) or diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder lopper with complex hyperglycemia in manifistējas to increase the amount of sugar in the urine, weight loss, abnormal thirst and sweating. (4, 5) There are two main types of diabetes (1, 6): Diabetes is insulin-dependent (IDD), which is known as Type I, the most frequently appearing under the age of 15 years, but it may well also in other ages. Acute beginning Typical symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia with sweats lopper and weight loss. Diabetes, which is independent of insulin (Nidda), which is known as type II, which is more likely in the beginning at the age of 40, in this case, the clinical changes are much more gradual.
At least 50% of people with diabetes not at all be aware of. In some countries, the number of people can be as high as 80%. Economically developed countries, diabetes is a major vision loss and blindness in the adult human reason. (2)
Because diabetes can affect any tissue of the eye, there are a lot of eye complications associated with it: the refractive changes and fluctuations in the tear layer problems, nerve paresis, iris neovascularization and glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and diabetic maculopathy. ( 7)
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common eye complication associated with diabetes. (1) Diabetic retinopathy incidence increases with diabetes and blood glucose fluctuations in duration. DR develops 80% of diabetic patients with the disease lasts for 15 years. The big problem in early diabetic retinopathy treatment of this disease in the early stages of a long process without symptoms. (3) Special attention lopper should be given to a type II diabetic patients with DR may already have diabetes at diagnosis, lopper while Type I diabetics SW can take place a long time together lopper with hyperglycemia, lopper before causing any clinical signs. (8)
Diabetic retinopathy begins with retinal changes to the capillaries, which are associated with poor metabolic control in diabetic. Long standing poor control of diabetes leads to increased early development and progression of retinopathy. (10, 13)
Due to the weakness of the vessel wall is formed mikroaneirismas. Mikroaneirismas passed through the fluid, which may be the cause of macular edema. Mikroaneirismas generally lower than the spot haemorrhage. Point-type haemorrhage usually cause vision loss symptoms if they are not only very close to the macular area. Like mikroaneirismas point haemorrhage caused by a mass flow and edema. Hard exudates formed in areas where there has been a blood clot, which is absorbed. Exudates may form a circle around the location where the liquid flow through. If they are formed around the macular area, then they are called annular maculopathy. If the investigation shows punctate, patchy haemorrhage and mikroaneirismas, lopper it can certainly be said about the beginning of retinopathy. (7) The damaged retina more places do not fulfill their functions. (3)
Diabetic changes in the retina have different lopper classifications depending on the level of diabetic retinopathy. Recently, lopper using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Study (ETDRS Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) classification. There are two main categories of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Classification also represents risks to indicate the progression of PDR and NPDR high level of risk to turn into the PNR. Diabetic macular edema can be in any NPDR and PDR level, so it is not taken into account in assessing the stage of retinopathy. (1) non-proliferative diabetic lopper retinopathy (NPDR)
Diabetic retinopathy lopper Type I diabetes usually develops after 15 years of seniority disease and type II diabetes may already be at diagnosis. At the mild NPDR is only minimal lopper retinal haemorrhages and / or mikroaneirismas. No other diabetic retina lopper unchanged. In the absence of macular edema and haemorrhage and mikroaneirismas not macular region, the mild NPDR endanger vision. Mild NPDR at risk of developing PDR is 5% a year and is a risk that high-risk PDR within five years is 15%. Annual examination with fundus camera is commonly considered to be sufficient, in the absence of macular edema and other medical changes, such as hypertension, kidney disease, elevated lipid levels, pregnancy. (1)
At the secondary haemorrhage lopper and NPDR mikroaneirismu more than NPDR to light, there are at least 4 quadrants fundus lopper photography, and the retina does not square with the more severe changes, or "knob wool" spots, veins kreļļveidīgām changes or there is light intraretinālās microvascular abnormalitātes. lopper At average risk of NPDR within one year of the creation
Diabetes mellitus (Greek for "diabetes" - flow through the Latin "mel" - honey) or diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder lopper with complex hyperglycemia in manifistējas to increase the amount of sugar in the urine, weight loss, abnormal thirst and sweating. (4, 5) There are two main types of diabetes (1, 6): Diabetes is insulin-dependent (IDD), which is known as Type I, the most frequently appearing under the age of 15 years, but it may well also in other ages. Acute beginning Typical symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia with sweats lopper and weight loss. Diabetes, which is independent of insulin (Nidda), which is known as type II, which is more likely in the beginning at the age of 40, in this case, the clinical changes are much more gradual.
At least 50% of people with diabetes not at all be aware of. In some countries, the number of people can be as high as 80%. Economically developed countries, diabetes is a major vision loss and blindness in the adult human reason. (2)
Because diabetes can affect any tissue of the eye, there are a lot of eye complications associated with it: the refractive changes and fluctuations in the tear layer problems, nerve paresis, iris neovascularization and glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and diabetic maculopathy. ( 7)
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common eye complication associated with diabetes. (1) Diabetic retinopathy incidence increases with diabetes and blood glucose fluctuations in duration. DR develops 80% of diabetic patients with the disease lasts for 15 years. The big problem in early diabetic retinopathy treatment of this disease in the early stages of a long process without symptoms. (3) Special attention lopper should be given to a type II diabetic patients with DR may already have diabetes at diagnosis, lopper while Type I diabetics SW can take place a long time together lopper with hyperglycemia, lopper before causing any clinical signs. (8)
Diabetic retinopathy begins with retinal changes to the capillaries, which are associated with poor metabolic control in diabetic. Long standing poor control of diabetes leads to increased early development and progression of retinopathy. (10, 13)
Due to the weakness of the vessel wall is formed mikroaneirismas. Mikroaneirismas passed through the fluid, which may be the cause of macular edema. Mikroaneirismas generally lower than the spot haemorrhage. Point-type haemorrhage usually cause vision loss symptoms if they are not only very close to the macular area. Like mikroaneirismas point haemorrhage caused by a mass flow and edema. Hard exudates formed in areas where there has been a blood clot, which is absorbed. Exudates may form a circle around the location where the liquid flow through. If they are formed around the macular area, then they are called annular maculopathy. If the investigation shows punctate, patchy haemorrhage and mikroaneirismas, lopper it can certainly be said about the beginning of retinopathy. (7) The damaged retina more places do not fulfill their functions. (3)
Diabetic changes in the retina have different lopper classifications depending on the level of diabetic retinopathy. Recently, lopper using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Study (ETDRS Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) classification. There are two main categories of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Classification also represents risks to indicate the progression of PDR and NPDR high level of risk to turn into the PNR. Diabetic macular edema can be in any NPDR and PDR level, so it is not taken into account in assessing the stage of retinopathy. (1) non-proliferative diabetic lopper retinopathy (NPDR)
Diabetic retinopathy lopper Type I diabetes usually develops after 15 years of seniority disease and type II diabetes may already be at diagnosis. At the mild NPDR is only minimal lopper retinal haemorrhages and / or mikroaneirismas. No other diabetic retina lopper unchanged. In the absence of macular edema and haemorrhage and mikroaneirismas not macular region, the mild NPDR endanger vision. Mild NPDR at risk of developing PDR is 5% a year and is a risk that high-risk PDR within five years is 15%. Annual examination with fundus camera is commonly considered to be sufficient, in the absence of macular edema and other medical changes, such as hypertension, kidney disease, elevated lipid levels, pregnancy. (1)
At the secondary haemorrhage lopper and NPDR mikroaneirismu more than NPDR to light, there are at least 4 quadrants fundus lopper photography, and the retina does not square with the more severe changes, or "knob wool" spots, veins kreļļveidīgām changes or there is light intraretinālās microvascular abnormalitātes. lopper At average risk of NPDR within one year of the creation
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